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Erschienen in: Die Radiologie 6/2024

14.05.2024 | Prostatakarzinom | Leitthema

Das Prostatakarzinom-Screening – aktueller Überblick

verfasst von: Maxime De Vrieze, Anne Hübner, Rouvier Al-Monajjed, MD, Peter Albers, Jan Philipp Radtke, Lars Schimmöller, Matthias Boschheidgen

Erschienen in: Die Radiologie | Ausgabe 6/2024

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Der Mehrwert des Prostatakrebsscreenings wird kontrovers diskutiert – vor allem im Hinblick auf die geringe Spezifität der Testung auf prostataspezifisches Antigen (PSA).

Methoden

In dieser nichtsystematischen Übersicht präsentieren wir einen aktuellen Überblick über die Evidenz zum Prostatakrebs-Screening mit Fokus auf der Rolle der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) der Prostata.

Ergebnisse

Große randomisierte kontrollierte Studien haben gezeigt, dass ein PSA-basiertes Screening die krebsspezifische Sterblichkeit signifikant senkt. Das Problem bei der Entwicklung und Einführung von Prostatakrebs-Screening-Strategien ist aber die daraus resultierende Überdiagnose und in der Folge die Überbehandlung indolenter Karzinome. So ist das opportunistische Screening durch ein ungünstiges Nutzen-Schaden-Verhältnis gekennzeichnet und sollte nicht empfohlen werden. Das deutsche „Gesetzliche Früherkennungsprogramm“ für Prostatakrebs, das aus einer digitalen rektalen Untersuchung (DRU) als eigenständigem Screening-Test besteht, ist nicht evidenzbasiert und weder spezifisch noch sensitiv genug. Die Europäische Kommission hat nun die Mitgliedstaaten dazu aufgerufen, bevölkerungsbezogene, organisierte und risikoangepasste PSA-basierte Screeningstrategien unter Integration der MRT-Bildgebung zu entwickeln, wie sie auch in Deutschland in der laufenden deutschen PROBASE-Studie getestet werden. Die Feinjustierung des diagnostischen Weges nach der PSA-Testung scheint der Schlüsselfaktor zu sein, um den positiven wie auch negativen Vorhersagewert zu verbessern und damit das Prostatakrebs-Screening treffsicherer zu machen. Die Aufnahme der Prostata-MRT in Screeningstrategien führt zu einer genaueren Diagnose von klinisch bedeutsamem Prostatakrebs, während weniger Karzinome mit niedrigem Risiko entdeckt werden. In Zukunft könnten molekulare Biomarker im Blut oder Urin das PSA bei der Prostatakrebsfrühdetektion ergänzen oder sogar ersetzen und das Screening weiter personalisieren. Die aktive Überwachung als Alternative zur sofortigen aktiven Therapie der demografisch zunehmenden Prostatakrebsdiagnosen kann potenziell das Nutzen-Schadensverhältnis eines organisierten Screenings weiter verbessern.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Früherkennung des Prostatakarzinoms sollte organisiert auf Bevölkerungsebene in personalisierten und evidenzbasierten Screeningstrategien gestaltet werden. Die multiparametrische MRT der Prostata kann hier eine wichtige Rolle einnehmen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Das Prostatakarzinom-Screening – aktueller Überblick
verfasst von
Maxime De Vrieze
Anne Hübner
Rouvier Al-Monajjed, MD
Peter Albers
Jan Philipp Radtke
Lars Schimmöller
Matthias Boschheidgen
Publikationsdatum
14.05.2024
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Radiologie / Ausgabe 6/2024
Print ISSN: 2731-7048
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7056
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-024-01312-1

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